Dezinformacija: pasaulinė problema
Pasak Jungtinių Tautų Organizacijos, „nerimą kelia tai, kad dezinformacija ir propaganda naudojama siekiant suklaidinti gyventojus ir trukdyti jų teisei gauti įvairią informaciją bei susidaryti savo nuomonę“. Ji tai išreiškia savo „Bendrojoje deklaracijoje dėl žodžio laisvės ir melagingų naujienų, dezinformacijos ir propagandos“, paskelbtoje 2017 m. ir jau laikomoje esminiu tekstu sprendžiant šią problemą, kamuojančią visą planetą.
The European Parliament has also taken steps in this direction and has declared that false news or ‘fake news’ constitute “a serious threat to European democracies”.
This project, Spotted, aims to provide tools to more effectively combat the threat of disinformation. That fight is best fought with information and scientific rigor. Therefore, this section offers useful documentation to inform yourself about the phenomenon of disinformation and its consequences.
- United Nations. (2017). Declaration on Freedom of Expression warns of the risks posed by “fake news”. UN News. https://news.un.org/es/story/2017/03/1374761
- European Parliament. (2019). The EU must act on fake news and interference in elections. Press room. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/es/press-room/20191007IPR63550/la-ue-debe-actuar-ante-las-noticias-falsas-y-la-injerencia-en-las-elecciones
- Latin American Ombusdmand Network. 03/2020 Statement on Fake News (fake news) in times of COVID-19 https://www.rindhca.org/institucional/declaraciones-pronunciamientos/declaracion-03-2020-sobre-noticias-falsas-fake-news-en-tiempos-de-covid-19
- Verification manual http://verificationhandbook.com/downloads/manual.de.verificacion.pdf
- Understanding misinformation disorder https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Information_Disorder_Digital_AW.pdf?x44412
- A Field Guide to “Fake News” and Other Information Disorders https://fakenews.publicdatalab.org/
- Journalism, “fake news” and misinformation: a journalism education and training manual https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000373349
- ‘Posverdad’, de Lee McIntyre. https://catedra.com/libro/teorema-serie-mayor/posverdad-lee-mcintyre-9788437638690/
- Fake News: The New Weapon of Mass Destruction https://www.casadellibro.com/libro-fake-news-la-nueva-arma-de-destruccion-masiva/9788423430192/9021266
- Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0190923636?ie=UTF8&tag=washpost-20&camp=1789&linkCode=xm2&creativeASIN=0190923636
- Brandtzaeg, P. B., Følstad, A. & Chaparro Domínguez, M. Á. (2017). How Journalists and Social Media Users Perceive Online Fact-Checking and Verification Services. Journalism Practice, august 201, 1–21. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1363657
- Brandtzaeg, P. B., Lüders, M., Spangenberg, J., Rath-Wiggins, L. & Følstad, A. (2016). Emerging Journalistic Verification Practices Concerning Social Media. Journalism Practice, 10(3), 323–342. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2015.1020331
- Graves, L. (2018). Understanding the Promise and Limits of Automated Fact-Checking. Technical Report, Reuters Institute, University of Oxford, February, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2
- Graves, L. (2016). Anatomy of a Fact Check: Objective Practice and the Contested Epistemology of Fact Checking. Communication, Culture & Critique, 10(3), 518–537. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12163
- Graves, L., & Cherubini, F. (2016). The rise of fact-checking sites in Europe. Reuters Insitute for the Study of Jurnalism. Herrero-Diz, Paula; Conde-Jimenez, Jesús; Tapia Frade, Alejandro; Varona-Aramburu, D. (2019). The credibility of online news: an evaluation of the information by university students. Culture and Education, 31, 14–26. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/11356405.2019.1601937
- Ufarte-Ruiz, M. a. J., Peralta-García, L., & Murcia-Verdú, F. J. (2018). Fact checking: A new challenge in journalism. Profesional de La Informacion, 27(4), 733–741. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.jul.02
- Valero, Pablo, & Oliveira, Lídia. (2018). Fake news: una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Observatorio (OBS*), Special Issue, 54–78. https://doi.org/10.15847/obsobs12520181374
- Pews Research (2018) Bots in the Twittersphere https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/04/09/bots-in-the-twittersphere/
- Vizoso, Á., & Vázquez-Herrero, J. (2019). Fact-checking platforms in Spanish. Features, organisation and method. Communication and Society, 32(1), 127–142. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.32.1.127-142
- Zuckerberg to the BBC: "We know there is false information and misleading content on Facebook" https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-internacional-39000367
- Getting Wise to Fake News https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/11/health/misinformation-social-media-elderly.html
- How to combat the disinformation crisis https://www.nytimes.com/es/2020/10/16/espanol/que-es-noticias-falsas.html
- How to stop the spread of fake news? Pause for a momento https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/feb/07/how-to-stop-spread-of-fake-news-oliver-burkeman
- War on lies https://lab.rtve.es/webdocs/guerra-mentira/es/
- Blame Fox, not Facebook, for fake news https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/06/blame-fox-not-facebook-for-fake-news/
- People older than 65 share the most fake news, a new study finds https://www.theverge.com/2019/1/9/18174631/old-people-fake-news-facebook-share-nyu-princeton
- Fake News: Las aventuras de Pinocho en las redes sociales https://www.elmundo.es/economia/actualidad-economica/2021/06/08/60bdd593fc6c836e5d8b45c4.html
- La tormenta de fake news no para https://elpais.com/mexico/elecciones-mexicanas/2021-06-03/la-tormenta-de-fake-news-no-para.html
- La tormenta de fake news no para https://elpais.com/mexico/elecciones-mexicanas/2021-06-03/la-tormenta-de-fake-news-no-para.html
